Konvergensi Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah dan Prinsip Humaniter Internasional Terhadap Jarimah al-Harbiyyah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jaa.v3i1.2258Keywords:
Humaniter, jarimah al-harbiyyah, maqāṣid al-syarī‘ahAbstract
Abstrak: Perang selalu menghadirkan paradoks antara legitimasi politik dan nilai kemanusiaan. Dalam konteks ini, hukum pidana Islam dan hukum humaniter internasional sama-sama berupaya membatasi kekerasan perang dan melindungi martabat manusia, namun sering kali dipersepsikan berjalan secara terpisah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konvergensi antara maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah dan prinsip hukum humaniter internasional dalam konteks jarīmah al-ḥarbiyyah sebagai upaya menemukan dasar filosofis bagi sistem hukum global yang lebih humanis dan berkeadilan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach) dengan corak filosofis melalui studi pustaka terhadap sumber primer dan sekunder, termasuk karya klasik para fuqahā’ serta dokumen hukum internasional seperti Geneva Conventions 1949 dan Additional Protocols 1977. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa tujuan syariat dalam melindungi jiwa (ḥifẓ al-nafs) sejalan dengan prinsip humaniter seperti humanity, distinction, dan proportionality, yang menekankan perlindungan harkat manusia dalam perang. Dalam konteks jarimah al-harbiyyah, pelanggaran terhadap norma ini seperti membunuh warga sipil atau menyerang secara tidak proporsional merupakan kegagalan penerapan prinsip moral dan etika yang sama. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada pendekatan maqāṣidiyyah yang digunakan untuk membangun jembatan epistemologis antara hukum Islam dan hukum humaniter internasional, sekaligus menawarkan paradigma integratif bagi pengembangan hukum global yang inklusif.
Kata Kunci: Humaniter, jarimah al-harbiyyah, maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah.
Abstract: Written War always presents a paradox between political legitimacy and humanitarian values. In this context, Islamic criminal law and international humanitarian law both seek to limit the violence of war and protect human dignity, but are often perceived as operating separately. This study aims to analyze the convergence between maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah and the principles of international humanitarian law in the context of jarīmah al-ḥarbiyyah as an effort to find a philosophical basis for a more humane and just global legal system. This study uses a normative juridical approach with a philosophical character through a literature review of primary and secondary sources, including the classical works of the fuqahā’ and international legal documents such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols. The results of the study show that the objective of Sharia law in protecting life (ḥifẓ al-nafs) is in line with humanitarian principles such as humanity, distinction, and proportionality, which emphasize the protection of human dignity in war. In the context of jarimah al-harbiyyah, violations of these norms, such as killing civilians or attacking disproportionately, constitute a failure to apply the same moral and ethical principles. The novelty of this research lies in the maqāṣidiyyah approach used to build an epistemological bridge between Islamic law and international humanitarian law, while offering an integrative paradigm for the development of inclusive global law.
Keywords: Humanitarian, jarimah al-harbiyyah, maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah
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